Table 4 Exploratory logistic regression analyses of selected sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with hr-HPV infection among older women screened using HPV DNA testing.
Characteristic | All women ≥ 60 years old | ≥ 65-year-olds | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Age, years (continuous) | 1.02 (1.00 − 1.04) | 0.099 | 1.03 (1.00 − 1.05) | 0.024* | 1.01 (0.98 − 1.04) | 0.590 | 1.00 (0.97 − 1.04) | 0.078 |
Age group, years | ||||||||
<65 (Ref.) | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
65 − 69 | 1.28 (0.91 − 1.81) | 0.162 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
≥70 | 1.32 (0.92 − 1.89) | 0.134 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Postcoital bleeding | 3.26 (0.87 − 12.23) | 0.080 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Abnormal vaginal discharge | 1.17 (0.40 − 3.41) | 0.771 | – | – | 0.91 (0.17 − 4.72 | 0.906 | – | – |
Parity (discrete) | 1.09 (1.03 − 1.14) | 0.001* | 1.08 (1.02 − 1.14) | 0.007* | 1.08 (1.01 − 1.15) | 0.032* | 1.07 (0.99 − 1.15) | 0.071 |
Religion | ||||||||
Christianity | 0.79 (0.46 − 1.35) | 0.393 | – | – | 0.62 (0.31 − 1.25) | 0.181 | - | – |
Islamic/Traditional/other (Ref.) | 1.00 | – | – | – | 1.00 | - | - | – |
Education level | ||||||||
No schooling (Ref.) | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
Primary | 0.98 (0.62 − 1.54) | 0.924 | – | – | 1.20 (0.65 − 2.23) | 0.561 | – | – |
Junior High | 0.74 (0.48 − 1.14) | 0.172 | – | – | 0.97 (0.54 − 1.73) | 0.914 | – | – |
Senior High | 0.65 (0.40 − 1.08) | 0.095 | – | – | 0.66 (0.32 − 1.35) | 0.253 | – | – |
Tertiary/vocational | 0.43 (0.24 − 0.75) | 0.003* | – | – | 0.52 (0.25 − 1.10) | 0.088 | – | – |
Earns income | 1.45 (1.05 − 2.00) | 0.023* | 1.54 (1.10 − 2.15) | 0.012* | 1.23 (0.81 − 1.88) | 0.331 | – | – |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married (Ref.) | 1.00 | – | – | – | 1.00 | – | - | – |
Divorced | 1.41 (0.86 − 2.31) | 0.171 | – | – | 1.06 (0.52 − 2.15) | 0.881 | - | – |
Widowed | 1.15 (0.81 − 1.63) | 0.441 | – | – | 1.05 (0.65 − 1.70) | 0.834 | - | – |
Single/steady partner/cohabitating | 0.92 (0.54 − 1.57) | 0.768 | – | – | 1.34 (0.66 − 2.75) | 0.421 | - | – |
HIV positive | 4.11 (2.51 − 6.74) | < 0.001* | 4.12 (2.48 − 6.84) | < 0.001* | 4.26 (2.12 − 8.57) | < 0.001* | 4.20 (2.07 − 8.49) | < 0.001* |
Prior cervical screening | 0.77 (0.47 − 1.25) | 0.291 | – | - | 1.11 (0.58 − 2.13) | 0.757 | - | – |
Current contraceptive use | 1.41 (0.52 − 3.86) | 0.501 | – | - | 1.37 (0.32 − 5.80) | 0.671 | - | – |
Past contraceptive use | 1.01 (0.71 − 1.44) | 0.967 | – | - | 1.14 (0.67 − 1.92) | 0.637 | - | – |
Visual inspection done | 1.63 (0.98 − 2.73) | 0.061 | – | - | 1.30 (0.68 − 2.47) | 0.427 | - | – |
Visual inspection ‘positive’ | 1.44 (0.48 − 4.33) | 0.520 | – | - | 0.75 (0.08 − 7.31) | 0.807 | - | – |
