Fig. 4 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 4

From: Enhanced self-potential inversion using a hybrid Second Horizontal Gradient and Bat Algorithm–SHGBA-framework for geothermal reservoir characterization

Fig. 4

Location map of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, highlighting the Hi‘iaka region where self-potential (SP) anomaly surveys were conducted. The inset provides a detailed view of the Hi‘iaka area along the Kīlauea rift zone, showing the spatial distribution of SP profiles acquired during multiple survey campaigns in 1973, 1995, 1997, and 2012 (after Tilling et al.43; Davis46.

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