Table 3 Main measures applied to scenario OPT2030: energy (bold) and End-of-Pipe .
MS | Sector | Activity | Measure | Application [%] | Cost [M€] | EMI Red [kt/year] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Fireplaces | Fuelwood | New performance certification for stoves | 25.3 | 137.3 | VOC:2.02 PPM2.5: 4.45 CO2:70.40 |
2 | Fireplaces | Fuelwood | Thermostatic valves | 6.9 | 4.9 | VOC: 0.60 PPM2.5: 1.01 CO2: 20.67 |
7 | Light duty vehicles Urban | Diesel | Optimization of urban goods delivery | 61.6 | 1.8 | NOx: 5.00 CO2:1779.08 |
8 | Agriculture | Diesel | Higher efficiency of off-road vehicles | 84.5 | 1.4 | NOx: 0.19 CO2: 466.88 |
7 | Buses Urban | Diesel | Substitution of buses with electric vehicles | 10 | 1.4 | NOx: 0.14 CO2: 70.86 |
2 | Residential-commercial | Natural gas | Combustion modification on gas use in commercial and residential sectors | 30 | 29.7 | NOX: 2.10 |
2 | Fireplaces | Fuelwood | New fireplace | 98.3 | 26.4 | VOC: 0.80 PPM2.5: 1.01 |
10 | Dairy cattle | Dairy cows - liquid systems | Combination of Covered Storage & Low Ammonia Application | 95 | 16.1 | NH3: 9.93 |
10 | Other cattle | Other cattle - liquid systems | Combination of Covered Storage & Low Ammonia Application | 80 | 15.2 | NH3: 12.58 |
1 | Power & district heat plants – new (excl. coal) | Other biomass and waste fuels | Selective catalytic reduction on new hard coal power plants | 50 | 10.2 | NOx: 2.08 |
10 | Dairy cattle | Dairy cows - solid systems | Low ammonia application; high efficiency | 60 | 5.5 | NH3: 5.06 |
7 | Light duty vehicles Extraurban | Diesel | EURO 6 | 30.8 | 5.4 | NOx: 2.39 PM2.5: 0.41 |
