Table 5 Description and descriptive statistics of variables.

Dependent Variables

CAR

Difference between actual and minimum travel distances for car trips (in kilometers)

Note: Dependent variable of Model 1

6.6

7.3

< 0.01

50.0

PT

Difference between actual and minimum travel distances for public transportation trips (e.g., bus and transit, in kilometers)

Note: Dependent variable of Model 2

5.3

7.0

< 0.01

49.0

AT

Difference between actual and minimum travel distances for active transportation trips (e.g., walking and biking, in kilometers)

Note: Dependent variable of Model 3

5.7

7.0

< 0.01

50.0

Independent Variables

Origin

Density

Factor 1 of origin derived from EFA, represents urban density, where a higher density indicator corresponds to greater urban density

< 0.01

1.1

-1.10

9.4

Accessibility

Factor 2 of origin derived from EFA, represents transportation accessibility, where a higher accessibility indicator is associated with greater distances to downtown, bus stops, and schools

< 0.01

1.1

-0.91

28.0

Design

Factor 3 of origin derived from EFA, represents urban design, where a higher design indicator reflects greater land-use diversity and a higher compactness index

< 0.01

1.1

-3.40

8.9

Destination

Density

Factor 1 of destination derived from EFA

< 0.01

1.1

-1.10

9.2

Accessibility

Factor 2 of destination derived from EFA

< 0.01

1.1

-0.87

28.0

Design

Factor 3 of destination derived from EFA

< 0.01

1.1

-3.30

9.0

Route Characteristics

Time

Average travel time of a route (in minutes)

37.0

28.0

1.0

297

Distance

Straight-line distance of a route (in kilometers)

5.7

5.8

0.3

69

Volume

Total traffic volume across all transportation modes for a route

8.4

82

1.0

6,930

Spatial-temporal Variables

Weekend

Indicates whether the travel occurs on a weekend (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

H3_O

H3 indicators of the origin of a route

H3_D

H3 indicators of the destination of a route