Table 6 Multilevel regression model results.

From: Travel efficiency in urban space: the role of built environment in shaping excess travel distance across transport modes

Variables

TOTAL

CAR

PT

AT

Intercept

-39.91 (0.17) ***

-56.02 (0.27) ***

-51.09 (0.40) ***

-38.55 (0.35) ***

Built Environment

Origin

Density

-0.52 (0.08) ***

-0.77 (0.10) ***

-0.26 (0.09) **

-0.55 (0.10) ***

Accessibility

0.21 (0.03) ***

0.25 (0.04) ***

0.35 (0.09) ***

0.14 (0.08)

Design

-0.79 (0.06) ***

-1.00 (0.08) ***

-0.40 (0.07) ***

-0.92 (0.09) ***

Destination

Density

-0.57 (0.09) ***

-0.81 (0.11) ***

-0.28 (0.09) ***

-0.70 (0.13) ***

Accessibility

0.39 (0.04) ***

0.37 (0.04) ***

0.18 (0.07) *

0.58 (0.08) ***

Design

-0.85 (0.07) ***

-1.04 (0.09) ***

-0.37 (0.07) ***

-1.07 (0.10) ***

Route Characteristics

Travel Time

2.95 (0.03) ***

2.48 (0.04) ***

3.28 (0.06) ***

1.90 (0.08) ***

Travel Volume

0.46 (0.01) ***

1.04 (0.02) ***

0.27 (0.03) ***

0.32 (0.02) ***

Travel Distance

4.03 (0.02) ***

5.89 (0.03) ***

5.07 (0.06) ***

4.35 (0.06) ***

Weekend (ref. No)

0.15 (0.03) ***

0.25 (0.04) ***

0.07 (0.05)

0.16 (0.06) **

Random Effect

Variance

(Origin)

0.81

1.37

0.87

1.28

Variance (Destination)

0.98

1.57

0.79

1.95

Variance

(Residual)

22.54

20.84

20.85

19.43

Model Performance

Sample Size

150,121

73,161

37,876

26,876

AIC

896,055.64

432,076.82

223,609.46

157,491.55

BIC

896,194.51

432,205.63

223,729.05

157,606.33

Log Likelihood

-448,013.82

-216,024.41

-111,790.73

-78,731.77

R-squared of OLS

0.542

0.578

0.563

0.574

  1. Note: *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05.
  2. Dependent variables: excess travel distance for total, CAR, PT, and AT trips.