Table 1 Front independent suspension system bushing stiffness.

From: Investigation of fatigue life and active vibration control via piezoelectric elements in vehicle suspension

Positions

Linear stiffness (N/m)

Torsional stiffness (Nm/rad)

X

Y

Z

Y

X

Z

Lower control arm front bushing

4500

4500

4500

11,667

11,667

800

Lower control arm rear bushing

10,000

10,000

3000

45,000

45,000

800