Fig. 1

Experimental design. Cryopreservation effect (grey arrows): the cryopreserved shoot tips (RB+, CW+ and D+) were compared to the non-cryopreserved control (CW−). Light effect (white arrows, grey outline): the cryopreserved shoot tips (CW+ and RB+) were compared to D+. Light quality effect (white arrows, violet outline): RB+ was compared to CW+. CW cool white fluorescent tubes, RB combination red and blue LEDs, D total darkness. Minus (−) denotes non-cryopreserved controls, and plus (+) cryopreserved shoot tips.