Table 3 Summarization of p-value results between groups during the 8-week intervention period.

From: Effects of blood flow restriction combined with electrical stimulation on muscle functions and performance in university football players with knee osteoarthritis

 

Pre

Post

CTR vs. BFRT

CTR vs. EMS

CTR vs. CMB

BFRT vs. EMS

BFRT vs. CMB

EMS vs. CMB

CTR vs. BFRT

CTR vs. EMS

CTR vs. CMB

BFRT vs. EMS

BFRT vs. CMB

EMS vs. CMB

10-m sprint

p = 0.466

ES = 0.261

CI = [-0.437, 0.955]

p = 0.480

ES = 0.253

CI = [-0.445, 0.947]

p = 0.696

ES = -0.140

CI = [-0.832, 0.555]

p = 0.971

ES = -0.013

CI = [-0.706, 0.680]

p = 0.263

ES = -0.403

CI = [-1.100, 0.301]

p = 0.270

ES = -0.397

CI = [-1.094, 0.306]

p = 0.136

ES = 0.542

CI = [-0.168, 1.244]

p = 0.109

ES = 0.584

CI = [-0.129, 1.288]

*p < 0.001

ES = 1.319

CI = [0.542, 2.079]

p = 0.960

ES = 0.018

CI = [-0.675, 0.711]

*p = 0.045

ES = 0.740

CI = [0.017, 1.452]

*p = 0.019

ES = 0.768

CI = [0.043, 1.482]

20-m sprint

p = 0.614

ES = 0.180

CI = [-0.516, 0.873]

p = 0.539

ES = 0.220

CI = [-0.477, 0.913]

p = 0.767

ES = 0.106

CI = [-0.589, 0.798]

p = 0.915

ES = 0.038

CI = [-0.655, 0.731]

p = 0.809

ES = -0.086

CI = [-0.779, 0.608]

p = 0.717

ES = -0.129

CI = [-0.822, 0.566]

*p < 0.001

ES = 1.442

CI = [0.650, 2.215]

*p = 0.017

ES = 0.891

CI = [0.156, 1.613]

*p < 0.001

ES = 2.067

CI = [1.189, 2.923]

p = 0.076

ES = -0.649

CI = [-1.356, 0.068]

*p = 0.015

ES = 0.913

CI = [0.176, 1.636]

*p < 0.001

ES = 1.455

CI = [0.661, 2.229]

CMJ

p = 0.246

ES = -0.418

CI = [-1.116, 0.286]

p = 0.852

ES = 0.067

CI = [-0.627, 0.759]

p = 0.055

ES = -0.707

CI = [-1.417, 0.014]

p = 0.225

ES = 0.438

CI = [-0.268, 1.136]

p = 0.635

ES = -0.170

CI = [-0.862, 0.536]

p = 0.062

ES = -0.685

CI = [-1.394, 0.035]

*p < 0.001

ES = -1.567

CI = [-2.354, -0.759]

*p = 0.003

ES = -1.137

CI = [-1.878, -0.379]

*p < 0.001

ES = -2.700

CI = [-3.759, -1.717]

p = 0.207

ES = 0.456

CI = [-0.250, 1.155]

*p = 0.019

ES = -0.876

CI = [-1.597, -0.142]

*p < 0.001

ES = -1.402

CI = [-2.171, -0.615]

IAT

p = 0.121

ES = 0.564

CI = [-0.148, 1.267]

p = 0.309

ES = 0.366

CI = [-0.336, 1.062]

p = 0.182

ES = 0.366

CI = [-0.224, 1.183]

p = 0.531

ES = -0.224

CI = [-0.918, 0.473]

p = 0.731

ES = -0.123

CI = [-0.815, 0.572]

p = 0.747

ES = 0.115

CI = [-0.579, 0.808]

*p < 0.001

ES = 1.573

CI = [0.764, 2.361]

*p < 0.001

ES = 1.663

CI = [0.843, 2.462]

*p < 0.001

ES = 2.562

CI = [1.603, 3.497]

p = 0.778

ES = 0.100

CI = [-0.594, 0.793]

*p = 0.009

ES = 0.993

CI = [0.249, 1.722]

*p = 0.018

ES = 0.884

CI = [0.150, 1.605]

PT

p = 0.478

ES = -0.254

CI = [-0.948, 0.444]

p = 0.420

ES = -0.289

CI = [-0.984, 0.410]

p = 0.763

ES = -0.107

CI = [-0.800, 0.587]

p = 0.878

ES = -0.055

CI = [-0.747, 0.639]

p = 0.636

ES = 0.169

CI = [-0.526, 0.862]

p = 0.552

ES = 0.213

CI = [-0.484, 0.906]

*p < 0.001

ES = -2.937

CI = [-3.939, -1.911]

*p < 0.001

ES = -1.724

CI = [-2.531, -0.895]

*p < 0.001

ES = -4.323

CI = [-5.602, -3.021]

*p = 0.032

ES = 0.797

CI = [0.070, 1.513]

*p < 0.001

ES = -1.334

CI = [-2.095, -0.555]

*p < 0.001

ES = -1.966

CI = [-2.807, -1.103]

RMS

p = 0.054

ES = -0.708

CI = [-1.418, 0.013]

p = 0.630

ES = -0.172

CI = [-0.865, 0.524]

p = 0.192

ES = -0.312

CI = [-1.007, 0.388]

p = 0.117

ES = 0.571

CI = [-0.141, 1.274]

p = 0.204

ES = 0.459

CI = [-0.247, 1.158]

p = 0.692

ES = -0.141

CI = [-0.834, 0.554]

*p = 0.007

ES = -1.029

CI = [-1.761, -0.281]

*p < 0.001

ES = -1.979

CI = [-2.822, -1.115]

*p < 0.001

ES = -2.327

CI = [-3.223, -1.408]

*p = 0.019

ES = -0.876

CI = [-1.596, -0.142]

*p < 0.001

ES = -1.252

CI = [-2.005, -0.482]

p = 0.220

ES = -0.443

CI = [-1.142, 0.262]

CSA

p = 0.603

ES = -0.186

CI = [-0.879, 0.510]

p = 0.592

ES =  0.192

CI = [-0.505, 0.885]

p = 0.695

ES =  -0.140

CI = [-0.823, 0.555]

p = 0.278

ES = 0.391

CI = [-0.312, 1.088]

p = 0.940

ES =  0.027

CI = [-0.667, 0.719]

p = 0.369

ES =  -0.323

CI = [-1.018, 0.378]

*p = 0.008

ES =  -1.014

CI = [-1.745, -0.268]

p = 0.789

ES =  -0.096

CI = [-0.788, 0.599]

*p = 0.002

ES =  -1.204

CI = [-1.952, -0.439]

*p = 0.014

ES =  0.918

CI = [0.181, 1.642]

p = 0.525

ES = -0.227  

CI = [-0.921, 0.470]

*p = 0.004

ES = -1.111

CI = [-1.851, -0.356]

  1. Note: *p represents the p-value smaller than the significance level (0.05) and thus exhibits statistically significant differences. CTR: control group, BFRT: BFR-alone group, EMS: EMS-alone group, CMB: BFR combined with EMS group, CMJ: countermovement jump, IAT: Illinois agility test, PT: peak torque, RMS: root mean square, CSA: cross-sectional area. ES: effect sizes, CI: confidence intervals for effect sizes.