Fig. 6

Construction of the LDCD scoring index system based on multiple machine learning algorithms and stability validation. (A) Calculation of C-index for the training set and independent external validation sets using 101 algorithm combinations from 10 machine learning methods. (B,C) Stratification of LDCD scoring index subgroups in the training and external validation cohorts. (D–G) Clinical prognosis survival curve analysis and time-dependent ROC curves of LDCD scoring subgroups in training and validation cohorts. (H,I) Differential analysis of LDCD scores across LDCD molecular and gene subgroups. (J) Sankey diagram illustrating the relationships among different molecular subgroups, LDCD scoring subgroups, and clinical survival outcomes.