Table 3 Performance analysis of LTCOP-LSTM model for traffic flow prediction in different time periods.

From: Collaborative optimization strategy for urban highways and roads based on electronic toll collection lane regulation

Time interval (Hours)

Traffic flow (vehicles/h )

Model latency (s)

Error fluctuation (vehicles)

Processing efficiency (%)

Dynamic modeling time (s)

Feature engineering complexity

Number of diverse input features

0–1

1500

12.34

6.78

92.5

8.45

High

5

1–2

1800

15.22

7.15

91.0

10.37

Medium

6

2–3

1600

14.85

5.90

93.4

9.01

Low

4

3–4

2000

17.46

8.56

89.0

11.65

Medium

7

4–5

2200

16.78

9.22

88.5

10.12

High

8

5–6

2400

19.38

10.03

87.5

13.44

Medium

5

6–7

1950

13.55

7.75

90.4

8.88

Low

6

7–8

1750

15.90

8.12

91.6

9.67

High

7