Table 8 Traffic performance under different ETC penetration rates (sensitivity analysis).

From: Collaborative optimization strategy for urban highways and roads based on electronic toll collection lane regulation

ETC penetration rate γ\gamma

Average delay (s/vehicle)

Lane utilization (%)

Congestion duration (min)

Throughput (veh/h)

30%

61.4

54.2

38.5

1340

50%

47.8

62.9

26.7

1492

70%

34.6

70.4

19.2

1608

90%

29.3

76.1

14.5

1691

  1. Data obtained from simulation with SUMO under controlled parameter settings.
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