Table 2 Role of experimental comparisons in validating fractional–rotational hydro-semiconductor models.

Fractional-order heat conduction

Verified by reduction to Fourier and LS models; comparison with fractional thermoelasticity literature (e.g.,^51,54)

To confirm memory-dependent and anomalous heat transport in semiconductors

Laser flash experiments; time-resolved photothermal measurements

Variable thermal conductivity

Consistency with earlier variable-conductivity studies^41,47

To measure the nonlinear thermal response under temperature gradients

Thermal conductivity measurements under controlled heating

Rotational effects

Compared with published rotation-only models⁴⁴

To examine Coriolis-induced anisotropy in semiconductor media

Rotating-frame experiments; MEMS gyroscope-based setups

Coupled thermal–mechanical–carrier waves

Theoretical agreement with photo-thermoelasticity frameworks^30,41,43

To validate carrier diffusion and stress-wave interaction

Pump–probe laser techniques; ultrafast spectroscopy

Overall coupled model

Theoretical consistency with limiting cases and literature

Comprehensive experimental benchmarks are not yet available

Combined photothermal, mechanical, and electrical measurements