Table 3 Between-group and within-group comparisons for pain intensity and physical function outcomes. (A) Between-group comparisons (UMHT vs. TPI) at each time point. (B) Within-group comparisons from baseline.

From: Efficacy of ultrasound-guided myofascial hydrodissection technique in myofascial pain syndrome of upper trapezius: a randomized controlled trial

(A)

Measure

Time point

Median difference (95% CI)

Effect size (r)

p value a

VAS (cm)

Baseline

0.4 (– 0.5 to 1.3)

0.122

0.433

Post 2w

0.3 (–0.6 to 1.2)

0.100

0.522

Post 4w

0.4 (–0.8 to 1.7)

0.118

0.448

Post 12w

0.3 (–1.0 to 1.6)

0.080

0.610

SF-MPQ

Baseline

2.0 (–1.0 to 5.0)

0.215

0.169

Post 2w

1.0 (–2.0 to 5.0)

0.125

0.423

Post 4w

2.0 (–1.0 to 5.0)

0.178

0.254

Post 12w

2.0 (–2.0 to 6.0)

0.199

0.204

NDI

Baseline

2.0 (–2.0 to 7.0)

0.190

0.224

Post 2w

2.0 (–2.0 to 6.0)

0.192

0.218

Post 4w

3.0 (–1.0 to 6.0)

0.235

0.132

Post 12w

2.0 (–2.0 to 6.0)

0.178

0.255

Measure

Group

Comparison

Median difference (95% CI)

Effect size (r)

p value b

VAS (cm)

UMHT

Baseline vs. Post 2w

2.2 (1.1–3.3)

0.581

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 4w

2.8 (1.4–4.2)

0.794

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 12w

2.6 (1.1–4.1)

0.716

< 0.001

TPI

Baseline vs. Post 2w

2.1 (1.7–2.9)

0.444

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 4w

3.0 (2.2–3.6)

0.644

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 12w

2.6 (1.9–3.8)

0.602

< 0.001

SF-MPQ

UMHT

Baseline vs. Post 2w

5.0 (2.7–7.3)

0.629

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 4w

6.0 (3.0–8.9)

0.736

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 12w

6.0 (1.7–10.2)

0.649

< 0.001

TPI

Baseline vs. Post 2w

2.1 (1.7–2.9)

0.719

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 4w

3.0 (2.2–3.6)

0.724

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 12w

2.6 (1.9–3.8)

0.644

< 0.001

NDI

UMHT

Baseline vs. Post 2w

3.0 (2.5–4.9)

0.581

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 4w

3.5 (2.9–7.0)

0.697

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 12w

3.0 (1.5–8.5)

0.581

< 0.001

TPI

Baseline vs. Post 2w

3.0 (2.5–5.0)

0.495

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 4w

4.0 (3.0–7.5)

0.547

< 0.001

Baseline vs. Post 12w

4.0 (3.5–8.4)

0.504

< 0.001

  1. (A & B) analyzed using non-parametric tests (a Mann-Whitney U and b Wilcoxon signed-rank tests). Note. Data presented as median and IQR (Q1–Q3).
  2. Abbreviations: VAS, Visual Analog Scale; SF-MPQ, Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire; NDI, Neck Disability Index; UMHT, Ultrasound-guided myofascial hydrodissection technique; TPI, Trigger point injection; CI, Confidence Interval.
  3. Effect size interpretation: ≥0.5 (Large), ≥ 0.3 and < 0.5 (Moderate), ≥ 0.1 and < 0.3 (Small), < 0.1 (Trivial).
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