Table 5 Comparison of typical ground robot characteristics in collaborative systems for precision spraying.

From: A sustainable crop protection through integrated technologies: UAV-based detection, real-time pesticide mixing, and adaptive spraying

Robot Model

Core Technology

Operating Mode

Pesticide Reduction Efficiency

Application

Scenario

Ecorobotix AVO170

Multispectral vision + micro-dose spraying

Targeted herbicide spraying

90%

Field crops

Carbon Robotics TOR78

Blue light laser weeding (100 W/plant)

Non-contact photo-inhibition

100%

Organic vegetables/row crops

Naïo Dino169

RTK-GPS + robotic arm

Physical soil disturbance weeding

85%

Large-scale vegetable farms

Deepfield Bonirob95

AI recognition + mechanical chopper

In-row precise physical weeding

90%

High-value crops such as carrots