Table 1 Demographic data of study participants with ankylosing spondylitis.

Variables	Non-bamboo spine (non-BS)	Bamboo spine (BS)	p
Cases, N	335	189
Mean age (years)	63.16 ± 12.50	66.97 ± 14.89	0.107
Sex, N (%)
Men	91 (27.2%)	36 (19.0%)
Women	244 (72.8%)	153 (81.0%)
BMI (kg/m²)	22.92 ± 4.23	26.16 ± 5.15	0.341
Smoking, ever	26 (7.8%)	28 (14.8%)	0.158
DM history	85 (25.4%)	64 (33.9%)	0.159
Lowest DXA T-score	−1.42 ± 1.38	−0.59 ± 2.65	< 0.001
DXA Spine T-score	−0.86 ± 1.44	1.27 ± 3.03	< 0.001
DXA Hip T-score	−2.03 ± 0.95	−1.27 ± 1.86	0.013
CT-based HU at L1	111.83 ± 56.34	41.40 ± 47.53	< 0.001
History of medication use
Glucocorticoids^†	97 (29.0%)	60 (31.7%)	0.679
Anti-osteoporotic agents	23 (6.9%)	17 (9.0%)	0.248

BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; CT, computed tomography; HU, Hounsfield unit score.
^†History of glucocorticoid use equivalent to ≥ 5 mg of prednisolone daily for more than 3 months.

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