Table 6 Prediction of new untrained defects using the LGBM method.

From: High-precision multiple defect detection and localization in composite laminates using integrated piezoelectric sensing, regression and neural networks methods

Actual delamination position (mm)

Actual delamination layer position

Actual crack position (mm)

Predicted delamination position (mm)

Predicted delamination layer position

Predicted crack

position (mm)

Percentage error of delamination position prediction (\(\%\))

Percentage error of delamination layer position prediction (\(\%\))

Percentage error of crack position prediction (\(\%\))

22

06

03

19.61

5.76(06)

2.94

10.86

0

2.00

16

03

23

15

03

24.5

6.25

0

6.52

15.5

02

22

14.19

2.92(03)

22.89

8.45

12.5

4.04

13

01

27

12.5

01

25

3.84

0

7.40

09

01

24

8.36

0.64(01)

24.51

7.11

0

2.12

18

05

-

17.21

5.12(05)

0.11

4.38

0

-

21

07

00

21.61

6.46(06)

0.02

2.90

12.5

2

-

-

24.56

0.007

0.003(00)

24.02

-

-

2.19

-

-

6.69

0.44

0.06(00)

7.72

-

-

13.34

-

-

17.93

0.43

0.27(00)

17.92

-

-

0.05

-

-

26.36

0.29

0.04(00)

26.82

-

-

1.74

-

-

20.21

0.45

0.11(00)

19.86

-

-

1.73

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