Table 3 Comparative table summarizes the healing dynamics based on the structural properties of both SC implants and highlights their impact on FBR and the healing process.

From: Biocompatibility and structural insights of seaweed-derived cellulose scaffolds in a subcutaneous implantation model

Feature

Ulva sp.

Cl sp.

Scaffold type

Porous, interconnected scaffold

Fibrous, dense scaffold

Healing dynamics

Interspersed distributed healing

Concentric stratification: radial healing

Healing progression

Compartmentalized, simultaneous

expansion, across entire scaffold

Center-periphery, outward expansion,

layer-by-layer

Inflammation

Evenly distributed among cavity-collections, gradually reduced

Initially concentrated in the necrotic center, resolves outward

Fibrosis & collagen deposition

Forms interspersed connective tissue septa, with mature collagen

Forms a dense, organized fibrosis core, collagen surrounding individual fibers

Neovascularization

Interspersed throughout the scaffold

Peripheral at early stages, shifts toward center

Neovascularization morphologies

Luminal morphology within tissue septa collections

Branching-like structures within the dense fibrous

FBR resolution

MCs and FBGCs slow and gradual reduce, however persist

Peripheral FBGCs persist longer

Healing efficiency

Supports sustained, gradual integration

Favoring rapid, organized remodeling

Ideal for

Randomized healing applications, wound healing

Fibrotic tissue engineering, guided tissue formation