Fig. 7

Water level and threshold of bank full elevation at Chiang Saen. For \({\text{Q}}_{1\text{d}}\) and \({\text{Q}}_{1\text{m}}\), both the measured and calculated water levels are illustrated, whereas only those calculated for \({\text{Q}}_{90\text{d}}\) and \({\text{Q}}_{90\text{m}}\) are illustrated. The bankfull elevation are estimated by 1.5 return period discharge (363.89–364.25 m). The cross-sectional data are drawn from Hou, S.Y. (2021).