Fig. 5

Experimental workflow for evaluating the oxidizing effect of ZFO nanoparticle (NP)-coated slides on TMB substrate. Step 1: Glass slides were coated with different concentrations of ZFO NPs (0.4–0%). Step 2: The coated slides were incubated with TMB substrate for 4 h. Step 3: Then, TMB solution from each slide was collected, transferred to ELISA plates, and mixed with stop solution. Step 4: Optical density (OD) values were measured at 450 nm using an ELISA reader, and results were expressed as the mean of five independent replicates.