Table 2 Comparison of this study with previously reported biosensors detecting parvoviruses in human and animals.

CbAgo sensor/ Electrochemical

MnO₂/CMK₃/gC₃N₄/AgNPs

Human parvovirus (B19) DNA

10 ¹⁵ − 10 ¹⁰ M

0.2 fM

Mao et al. 2025⁶⁶

Argonaute/electrochemical

gC₃N₄/DWCNTCOOH/PtNPs

Human parvovirus (B19) DNA

10^− 17 − 10^− 12 M

2.62 aM

Yang et al. 2025⁶⁷

QCM/electrical frequency

Monoclonal antibodies onto the gold-coated quartz surface

Canine parvovirus surface Ag

10 ¹ − 10⁴

TCID₅₀ /mL

10 ² TCID₅₀ /mL

Kim et al. 2015⁶⁸

LSPR/colorimetric

AuNPs@MUA@EDC/

NHS@Immunoglobulins

Canine parvovirus surface Ag

10 ^− 1 − 10^− 7

CPV-2 (not defined concentrations)

1: 10⁵

CPV-2

Yamakawa et al. 2023⁶⁹

Amperometric genosensor

ssDNA-SH/Au electrode

Canine parvovirus DNA

1.0–12.0 ng/µl

1.0 ng/µl

Khatri et al. 2021

⁴⁴

Genosensor/colorimetric

ZnFe₂O₄ NPs

Feline panleukopenia virus DNA

1–105

virus particle / gr feces

10³ virus particle / gr feces

Present study