Fig. 1

Metabolites quantified in the medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex of ASD individuals and controls without ASD. Circles: controls without ASD (ctrl, n = 14); Squares: ASD individuals without predicted damaging variants in NS genes (no, n = 6); Triangles: ASD individuals with predicted damaging variants in NS genes (yes, n = 10); (a) tCr: total creatine (creatine + phosphocreatine); (b) tNAA: total N-acetyl aspartate (n-acetylaspartate + n-acetylaspartilglutamate); (c) GABA+: gamma aminobutyric acid + macromolecules; (d) Glx: glutamate + glutamine. Graphs depict individual values, mean ± 95% confidence interval. * P Significance of the trend analysis using the the Jonckheere-Terpstra test.