Fig. 1

Estimated mean difference (95% CI) in depression from unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models. Data points represent mean differences in depressive symptom levels with 95% confidence intervals. Positive values indicate higher depressive symptom levels compared to the reference group, negative values indicate lower depressive symptom levels. (a) Stage of dementia (reference: early); (b) type of dementia (reference: Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias; vascular or mixed dementia; or other types of dementia); (c) severity of dementia (reference: mild dementia [MMSE 24–30]); and (d) country (reference: Australia). Early-onset and late-onset dementia consisted of participants with any form of dementia in people under the age of 65 and aged 65 and older, respectively. Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias consisted of participants with Alzheimer’s disease, Frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body disease. Vascular or mixed consisted of participants with vascular or mixed dementia, while other consisted of other or unknown dementia.