Table 3 The geometric characteristics of the fitted fracture morphology.

From: Integrated stimulation technology for ultra deep tight sandstone gas reservoirs with ultra low permeability in Sichuan Xujiahe formation

Fracture morphology type

Geometric characteristics

Reservoir response

Single main fracture

Linear extension dominant (fracture length > 300 m, fracture width < 3 mm), branch fractures < 2 per m³, FCI < 1.5

Limited conductivity (< 50 D), EUR increase < 30%

Multi-level branching fracture network

Main fracture + multiple clusters of branches (fracture length 200–500 m, fracture width 3–8 mm), intersection points > 4 per m², FCI > 2.5

Establishes three-dimensional seepage channels (permeability > 100D), EUR increase 2–3 times

Discrete complex fracture clusters

No dominant fracture direction, fracture length < 100 m but density > 10 fractures/m³, FCI > 3.0

Applicable to ultra-low permeability reservoirs (< 0.01 mD), modified volume