Table 1 FGDM studies most related to this work and how their ideas inform the proposed FST framework.

IJADS (2019): IT outsourcing under risks²⁹

Group MAGDM; risk and incomplete information

Risk-sensitive criteria weighting and structured handling of missing/partial inputs

Add a risk-awareness factor to criteria weights and explicit missing-data operators within the tensor

JQEPO (2019): sustainable projects with incomplete info³⁰

Municipal project selection; incomplete evaluations

Hybrid aggregation that remains interpretable under information gaps

Use bounded imputation/interval fuzzification and report completeness diagnostics

Scientia Iranica (2020): HF-COPRAS with last aggregation³¹

Construction safety; hesitant-fuzzy sets

Last (late) aggregation to preserve expert individuality; HF-COPRAS ranking

Support hesitant inputs in FST and allow a late-fusion ranking stage over the aggregated tensor

Industrial Management Studies (2017): HF-PSI for contractors³²

Contractor selection; hesitant-fuzzy sets

Preference Selection Index adapted to hesitant information and expert risk profiles

Offer HF-PSI as an optional scoring layer on top of FST’s aggregated representation

Journal of Sustainable Mining (2025): dynamic IFGDM³³

Sustainability risk in mining; dynamic intuitionistic fuzzy

Time-aware entropy for criteria; similarity-based expert weights; dynamic ideal solution

Extend FST with a time mode and dynamic updates for criteria/expert weights