Table 5 Experimental configuration parameters for control and experimental groups.

From: Intelligent optimization of track and field teaching using machine learning and wearable sensors

Parameter category

Control group configuration

Experimental group configuration

Measurement frequency

Instructional modality

Traditional demonstration-based teaching with verbal feedback

ML-optimized adaptive sequence with sensor-based feedback

Continuous

Performance assessment

Standard rubric-based evaluation (5-point Likert)

Quantitative biomechanical metrics with ML error classification

Bi-weekly

Feedback latency

Instructor-dependent (M = 7.6s, SD = 4.2s)

Automated real-time (M = 67ms, SD = 12ms)

Measured per session

Technique sequencing

Fixed curriculum progression based on established pedagogy

Adaptive progression based on individual learning trajectories

Updated daily

Difficulty calibration

Instructor judgment

Algorithmic optimization (α = 0.65, β = 0.85, η = 0.03)

Per-technique execution

Model update schedule

N/A

Incremental training (batch = 32) after each session

Daily

Evaluation metrics

Subjective technical proficiency, standardized performance

Biomechanical alignment, performance metrics, injury risk

Weekly

Data collection

Manual performance recording

Multimodal sensor array with automated synchronization

Continuous (200 Hz)