Fig. 3

The bars represent estimated means derived from simulated data reflecting the observed group means and 95% confidence intervals from the original dataset. A General Linear Model (GLM) was used to compare differences across groups. (A) ΔNPS (0–10) values during the CPT, comparing a-tDCS and M1 + CB-S-tDCS interventions. An asterisk (*) above the a-tDCS M1 bar indicates a statistically significant difference compared to the M1 + CB-S-tDCS group (p < 0.05). No other pairwise comparisons reached statistical significance. (B) ΔNPS values by stimulation site. Bars represent the mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals.