Fig. 5

Salt tolerance of TnSm gemini surfactants at 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C, expressed as maximum NaCl concentration (wt%) sustaining solution stability without precipitation or phase separation.

Salt tolerance of TnSm gemini surfactants at 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C, expressed as maximum NaCl concentration (wt%) sustaining solution stability without precipitation or phase separation.