Table 2 Molecular docking analysis of luteolin binding energies with eight core anti-dry AMD targets.

Gene symbol	Description	PDB ID	Affinity (kcal/mol)	RMSD^a
TP53	Tumor Protein P53	1AIE	− 5.9	0.84
TNF	Tumor Necrosis Factor	2R32	− 6.2	0.35
IL6	Interleukin 6	1ALU	− 6.5	0.42
AKT1	AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1	1UNQ	− 6.2	0.28
BCL2	BCL2 Apoptosis Regulator	5VAU	− 7.5	0.73
STAT3	Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 3	6NJS	− 7.9	0.49
JUN	Jun Proto-Oncogene	5T01	− 8.9	–
CASP3	Caspase 3	1NMS	− 8.6	0.59

^aThe RMSD was calculated by docking the known ligand to the protein, followed by structural alignment and RMSD computation in PyMOL for comparative analysis.

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