Fig. 1

Schematic representation of the trajectories of a passive particle in green (top row) and a self-propelled particle in red (bottom row) at given configurations. (a) Shows the passive particle trajectory at a packing fraction \(\phi = 0.13\), attraction strength \(\varepsilon _a = 2 k_BT\), (b) trajectory at \(\phi =0.24\) and adhesion strength \(\varepsilon _a = 5 k_BT\) and (c) binded trajectory around lattice sites happened at higher strength \(\varepsilon _a = 5 k_BT\) at optimal packing fraction \(\phi =0.31\). At the bottom row, the trajectories in red are at three propulsion strengths (\(Pe = 6, 10, 20\)) respectively at fixed attraction strength \(\varepsilon _a = 10 k_BT\) at optimal packing fraction. The trajectory is getting unbound from the lattice sites from left to right (bottom row) due to propulsion.