Fig. 3

(a) Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) image showing the surface morphology and particle size distribution of ZnO nanoparticles, with particle diameters ranging from ~ 29.45 to ~ 71.30 nm, (b) Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum corresponding to panel A, confirming the elemental composition with prominent peaks for zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O), indicating the high purity of ZnO nanoparticles, (c) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image illustrating the agglomerated, quasi-spherical morphology and nanoscale size of the ZnO nanoparticles, (d) EDS spectrum corresponding to panel C, further validating the elemental makeup with strong Zn and O signals and absence of significant impurities.