Table 3 HI and THQ value of heavy metals in children and adults through bread consumption (Mean ± SD).

From: Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in bread from Iranian markets using Monte Carlo simulation

Heavy metals

Bread (n = 248)

Adult

Children

Al

0.044 ± 0.027

0.062 ± 0.038

Cr

1.346 ± 2.640

2.880 ± 5.572

Cu

0.454 ± 0.236

0.959 ± 0.499

Fe

0.281 ± 0.545

1.151 ± 0.595

Zn

0.291 ± 0.107

0.615 ± 0.227

HI*

2.416 ± 3.555

5.670 ± 6.933

  1. *Hg, Cd, Co, Pb, and Ni were excluded from THQ and HI calculations due to detection in < 30% of samples to avoid unreliable risk estimates, N: sample size, ±: standard deviation.
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