Table 2 Common parameter range of ESDs24,25,26.

From: Research on the configuration strategy of active support long-and short-term energy storage devices based on ESD-considered short circuit ratio

Types of ESD

Response speed

Continuous discharge time

Unit power cost $/kW

Unit electricity cost $/kW·h

Upper limit of rated power/MW

FES

Millisecond

Seconds to mimutes

250–350

1000–5000

10

BES

Second

Seconds to hours

300–600

200–400

50

TES

Minute to hour

Several hours

100–400

30–60

Dozens to hundreds

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