Table 6 Summary of clarke’s error grid across different (a) model types and (b) loss functions.

Central

MSE

97.84\(\:\pm\:\)8.78

0.09\(\:\pm\:\)0.11

2.07\(\:\pm\:\)1.68

HH

99.36\(\:\pm\:\)13.22 \(\color{green} {\uparrow}\) 

0.13\(\:\pm\:\)0.14\(\color{red} {\downarrow}\)

0.51 \(\:\pm\:\)0.32\(\color{green} {\downarrow}\) 

Local

MSE

97.35\(\:\pm\:\)11.23

0.26\(\:\pm\:\)0.37

2.39\(\:\pm\:\)1.71

HH

98.51\(\:\pm\:\)19.12 \(\color{green} {\uparrow}\)

0.31\(\:\pm\:\)0.33\(\color{red} {\downarrow}\)

1.18\(\:\pm\:\)0.77\(\color{green} {\downarrow}\)

Federated

MSE

97.37\(\:\pm\:\)9.49

0.10\(\:\pm\:\)0.11

2.53\(\:\pm\:\)2.02

HH

99.12\(\:\pm\:\)16.15 \(\color{green} {\uparrow}\)

0.15\(\:\pm\:\)0.15\(\color{red} {\downarrow}\)

0.74 \(\:\pm\:\)0.40\(\color{green} {\downarrow}\)

Central

MSE

97.89\(\:\pm\:\)7.29

0.05\(\:\pm\:\)0.04

2.06\(\:\pm\:\)1.30

HH

99.56\(\:\pm\:\)8.25 \(\color{green} {\uparrow}\)

0.06\(\:\pm\:\)0.05\(\color{red} {\downarrow}\)

0.38 \(\:\pm\:\)0.19\(\color{green} {\downarrow}\)

Local

MSE

97.59\(\:\pm\:\)7.87

0.06\(\:\pm\:\)0.05

2.33\(\:\pm\:\)1.32

HH

99.19\(\:\pm\:\)11.09 \(\color{green} {\uparrow}\)

0.10\(\:\pm\:\)0.06\(\color{red} {\downarrow}\)

0.72\(\:\pm\:\)0.25 \(\color{green} {\downarrow}\)

Federated

MSE

97.60\(\:\pm\:\)7.83

0.05\(\:\pm\:\)0.04

2.36\(\:\pm\:\)1.61

HH

99.42\(\:\pm\:\)7.34 \(\color{green} {\uparrow}\)

0.08\(\:\pm\:\)0.06\(\color{red} {\downarrow}\)

0.50 \(\:\pm\:\)0.32\(\color{green} {\downarrow}\)