Table 3 Physical properties of soils sampled before the third cropping season of the experiment.

From: Ultrafine bubble water irrigation promotes soil particle fragmentation and reduces soil hardness in paddy fields

Irrigation water

Soil particle density (Mg m−3)

Gravel (%)

Sand (%)

Silt (%)

Clay (%)

Soil type

Control

2.563 (0.006)

10.9 (2.2)

52.8 (0.2)

14.9 (0.8)

21.5 (1.0)

SCL (sandy clay loam)

UFB

2.552 (0.020)

8.1 (0.9)

56.8 (0.7)

14.1 (1.2)

21.0 (1.1)

 

n.s.

p < 0.1

p < 0.01

n.s.

n.s.

 
  1. Because differences in gravel content were observed, soil particle size distribution was expressed as a percentage including gravel (total soil mass). Numerals in parentheses indicate standard errors.
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