Table 4 Changes in the soil particle size distribution (without gravel) with agitation by either control or UFB water (%).

From: Ultrafine bubble water irrigation promotes soil particle fragmentation and reduces soil hardness in paddy fields

Sampled soil

Classification

Solvent used for one week of agitation

P value

Control deionized

water

UFB water

Control

(Agricultural water irrigated plot)

Sand

58.9 (1.0)

51.1 (1.4)

0.003

Silt

14.2 (1.3)

17.0 (1.0)

0.066

Clay

26.9 (0.4)

32.0 (0.6)

0.001

UFB

(UFB water irrigated plot)

Sand

56.0 (1.4)

52.5 (0.5)

0.037

Silt

16.3 (1.0)

14.6 (0.3)

0.088

Clay

27.6 (0.8)

32.9 (0.3)

0.003

  1. Both soil samples (control and UFB) were agitated for one week at ambient room temperature with either control deionized water or UFB water. The particle size distribution of the original soils before agitation is presented in Table 1. The numerals in parentheses indicate standard deviations. Significance levels p indicate comparisons of the same particle size classification between agitation with either control or UFB water.
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