Table 5 Depth of the measurements (cm) until which the soil penetration resistance of paddy soil remains less than 1.0 kPa, which indicates the thickness of the fine and viscous muddy colloidal surface soil layer.

From: Ultrafine bubble water irrigation promotes soil particle fragmentation and reduces soil hardness in paddy fields

Irrigation water

May 1

Jun. 8

Jul. 18

Aug. 23

 

Thickness of muddy surface soil layer (cm)

Control

14.3 (1.1)

11.5 (0.4)

9.4 (0.7)

6.0 (0.1)

UFB

15.0 (0.7)

12.3 (0.9)

9.6 (0.9)

8.9 (1.0)

t-test

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

p < 0.05

  1. Numerals in parentheses indicate standard errors.
Back to article page