Table 6 Difference in root characteristics between the control and UFB plots.

From: Ultrafine bubble water irrigation promotes soil particle fragmentation and reduces soil hardness in paddy fields

 

2021

2022

Irrigation water

Root depth from soil surface (cm)

Root dry weight

(mg cm−3)

Root dry weight (mg cm−3)

Surface soil

Subsoil

Control

25.3 (2.0)

2.42 (0.84)

3.45 (0.58)

0.53 (0.16)

UFB

28.0 (0.0)

2.22 (0.80)

3.37 (0.70)

0.69 (0.22)

t-test

p < 0.05

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

  1. In 2022, only root dry weight is measured. Numerals in parentheses indicate standard errors.
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