Table 7 Difference in grain yield and yield components between the control and UFB plots.

From: Ultrafine bubble water irrigation promotes soil particle fragmentation and reduces soil hardness in paddy fields

Year

Irrigation water

Paddy yield (g m−2)

Number of panicles (m−2)

Number of spikelets per panicle

% of matured grain

1000 grain weight (g)

2021

Control

548.1 (34.1)

386.4 (29.2)

98.9 (9.8)

62.7 (3.0)

23.0 (0.2)

UFB

582.1 (55.9)

402.1 (20.8)

90.4 (3.7)

67.4 (5.7)

23.6 (1.3)

2022

Control

670.7 (46.5)

385.9 (18.5)

90.6 (12.4)

84.7 (7.0)

22.8 (0.4)

UFB

693.3 (13.4)

429.4 (4.4)

80.0 (2.6)

86.8 (3.1)

23.3 (0.7)

2023

Control

664.4 (39.3)

433.3 (6.6)

88.2 (1.3)

68.5 (1.9)

25.7 (0.2)

UFB

673.1 (19.3)

421.5 (18.0)

90.6 (3.5)

69.4 (1.1)

25.1 (0.1)

2-way ANOVA

Year

p < 0.05

n.s.

p < 0.1

p < 0.01

p < 0.01

Water

n.s.

n.s.

p < 0.1

n.s.

n.s.

Year*Water

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

  1. Numerals in parentheses indicate standard errors.