Fig. 4

First partial least squares latent variable (LV 1) illustrating the relationship between multiscale entropy (MSE) and behaviour variables. (a) Bar graph depicting the significance of associations between MSE and behaviour variables identified in the first LV as determined by permutation testing. Pre-training behaviour variables are represented by solid bars and post-training behaviour variables are represented by textured bars. Orange bars represent significant positive correlations, purple bars represent significant negative correlations, and grey bars represent non-significant correlations between MSE and behaviour variables. Our results indicate significant correlations between pre-training mind-wandering, post-training modal PTA (i.e., performance), and MSE. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. (b) Statistical image plot (bootstrap ratio map) representing electrodes and timescales at which the correlations between MSE and pre-training mind-wandering and post-training performance were most stable (bootstrap threshold of 2.0, corresponding to a 95% confidence interval). Regions in orange highlight timescales and electrodes where MSE was higher with greater pre-training mind-wandering and better post-training performance (modal PTA). This effect was most stable across distributed regions, primarily within middle (10–16 ms) to coarse (16–24 ms) timescales.