Fig. 5

Second partial least squares latent variable (LV 2) illustrating the relationship between multiscale entropy (MSE) and behaviour variables. (a) Bar graph depicting the significance of associations between MSE and behaviour variables identified in the second LV as determined by permutation testing. Pre-training behaviour variables are represented by solid bars and post-training behaviour variables are represented by textured bars. Orange bars represent significant positive correlations and grey bars represent non-significant correlations between MSE and behaviour variables. Our results indicate significant correlations between pre- and post-training N1amplitudes, post-training P3 amplitudes, post-training mind-wandering, and MSE. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. (b) Statistical image plot (bootstrap ratio map) representing electrodes and timescales at which the correlations between MSE and pre- and post-training N1 amplitudes, post-training P3 amplitudes, and post-training mind-wandering were most stable (bootstrap threshold of 2.0, corresponding to a 95% confidence interval). Regions in purple highlight timescales and electrodes where lower MSE was associated with larger N1and P3 amplitudes and greater post-training mind-wandering, with this effect most stable at fine timescales (2–10 ms), primarily in frontal and parietal electrodes. Regions in orange highlight timescales and electrodes where higher MSE was associated with larger N1 and P3 amplitudes and greater post-training mind-wandering, with this effect most stable at coarse timescales (16–24 ms) across distributed regions.