Fig. 2
Effect of LC-MJ extract on UVB-induced cytotoxicity, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis in NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells. (A, B) Cell viability was assessed using a colorimetric assay after UVB exposure (25 mJ/cm2) and treatment with various concentrations of LC-MJ extract (25, 50, 100 μg/mL). (C, D) Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry following propidium iodide (PI) staining. NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells were treated with or without LC-MJ extract (100 g/ml) for 24 h, exposed to UVB (25 mJ/cm2), and subsequently stained with PI for DNA content analysis. (E, F) Apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and flow cytometry analysis. Cells were categorized into four quadrants: Q1 (Annexin V − /PI + ; necrotic cells), Q2 (Annexin V + /PI + ; late apoptotic/secondary necrotic cells), Q3 (Annexin V + /PI − ; early apoptotic cells), and Q4 (Annexin V − /PI − ; viable cells). Con, non-UVB-exposed cells. All data are presented as mean ± SD. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; #, p < 0.05; ##, p < 0.01 compared with LC-CK group.
