Table 1 Comparison of tunable damper technologies.

From: Modelling and validation of shock absorption with tunable performance through liquid intrusion–extrusion cycles

Technology

Control

Key features

Limitations

MR damper

Active

Fast, wide tuning range

High cost, fluid issues11,12,15

Electronic valve

Active

Precise, adaptive control

Complex, less robust14,15,16

HLS (This work)

Passive

Simple, oil-free, sustainable

Practically early-stage validation

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