Table 5 Comparison of group mean T2 correction factors* with metabolite concentration or ratio values and their relative standard errors. SEM = standard error of the mean; syn = syndrome; long TE was 272 ms for T2 correction factors and 270 ms for metabolites and ratios. Short TE was 30 ms. Relative SEM is the SEM expressed as a percentage of the point estimate, which can be compared across groups. L m m. *\(\rm{T_2~ correction~ Factor} = 1/(T_2 ~decay~ Factor) = 1/(e^{-TE/T_2})\).

From: Decadelong low basal ganglia NAA/tCr from elevated tCr supports ATP depletion from mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in Gulf War illness

Metabolite or ratio

Echo time

Group

Side

T2 correction factor

Metabolite concentration (a.u.) or ratio

Group mean

Case-control diff (%)

Group mean

Case-control diff (%)

Relative SEM (%)

tCr

Long

Control

Left

9.83

 

24.80

 

8.1

Syn1

9.83

0.00

24.50

− 1.21

9.8

Syn2

8.51

− 13.43

23.90

− 3.63

8.4

Syn3

9.30

− 5.39

24.70

− 0.40

8.9

Control

Right

7.98

 

29.15

 

6.9

Syn1

7.85

− 1.63

29.15

0.00

8.2

Syn2

7.98

0.00

27.80

− 4.63

7.2

Syn3

8.81

10.40

27.50

− 5.66

8.0

Short

Control

Left

1.29

 

5.97

 

2.3

Syn1

1.29

0.00

6.72

12.56

2.5

Syn2

1.27

− 1.55

6.30

5.53

2.2

Syn3

1.28

− 0.78

6.80

13.90

2.2

Control

Right

1.26

 

5.98

 

2.3

Syn1

1.26

0.00

6.62

10.70

2.6

Syn2

1.26

0.00

6.21

3.85

2.3

Syn3

1.27

0.79

6.43

7.53

2.3

NAA

Long

Control

Left

4.06

 

50.90

 

8.1

Syn1

4.06

0.00

48.20

− 5.30

10.4

Syn2

3.50

− 13.79

41.30

− 18.86

9.9

Syn3

3.74

− 7.88

48.10

− 5.50

9.1

Control

Right

3.48

 

55.00

 

7.5

Syn1

3.50

0.57

51.00

− 7.27

9.8

Syn2

3.59

3.16

42.05

− 23.55

9.8

Syn3

3.63

4.31

48.80

− 11.27

9.0

Short

Control

Left

1.17

 

7.48

 

2.0

Syn1

1.17

0.00

7.64

2.14

2.4

Syn2

1.15

− 1.71

7.35

− 1.74

2.0

Syn3

1.16

− 0.85

7.64

2.14

2.1

Control

Right

1.15

 

7.14

 

2.1

Syn1

1.15

0.00

7.36

3.15

2.4

Syn2

1.15

0.00

6.97

− 2.31

2.2

Syn3

1.15

0.00

7.22

1.19

2.2

NAA/tCr

Long

Control

Left

0.41

 

2.32

 

4.7

Syn1

0.41

0.00

2.06

− 11.21

5.8

Syn2

0.41

− 0.48

2.42

4.31

4.5

Syn3

0.40

− 2.42

2.36

1.72

5.1

Control

Right

0.44

 

2.08

 

5.3

Syn1

0.45

2.06

1.83

− 12.02

6.6

Syn2

0.45

0.90

2.00

− 3.85

5.0

Syn3

0.41

− 8.44

1.88

− 9.62

6.4

Short

Control

Left

0.91

 

1.39

 

2.2

Syn1

0.91

0.00

1.21

− 12.95

2.5

Syn2

0.91

0.00

1.28

− 7.91

2.3

Syn3

0.91

− 0.22

1.19

− 14.39

2.5

Control

Right

0.91

 

1.20

 

2.5

Syn1

0.91

0.23

1.11

− 7.50

2.7

Syn2

0.92

0.32

1.13

− 5.83

2.7

Syn3

0.91

− 0.65

1.12

− 6.67

2.7

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