Fig. 3

Cytotoxic effects of varying concentrations of Er leaf extract and Er-AgNPs on (a) KMST-6, and (b) HaCaT cells. The data are presented as the mean (n = 9) ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA; * p < 0.05, **** p < 0.0001, and ns p ≥ 0.05 for the treatment vs. untreated control.