Table 4 Association between Fried Frailty Phenotypes and gray matter integrity by sex. Ref, Reference; β, standardized beta coefficients; CI, confidence interval; sGMV, subcortical gray matter volume. Model 1 was unadjusted. Model 2 was adjusted for age, center, and intracranial volume. Model 3 was further adjusted for cohabitation, educational attainment, perceived social support scores, sleep duration, smoking status (men only), alcohol consumption, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, Korean version of the mini-mental state examination, waist circumference, and total cholesterol. Smoking status was unadjusted in the women’s group due to influential points. The false discovery rate test using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was applied to fully-adjusted p-values (bold text) in all five markers of the structural brain integrity.

From: Physical frailty and MRI markers of structural brain integrity in the community-dwelling late middle-aged and old adults

SBI (in z-score)

Men (N=700)

Women (N=1357)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

Robust (n=336)

Pre-frail (n=327)

Frail (n=37)

P for trend

Robust (n=583)

Pre-frail (n=684)

Frail (n=90)

P for trend

sGMV (mm3)

Model 1

Ref

−0.16 (−0.31 to 0.002)

−0.46 (−0.82 to −0.11)

0.010

Ref

−0.12 (−0.23 to −0.02)

−0.38 (−0.59 to −0.17)

0.025

Model 2

Ref

−0.11 (−0.27 to 0.04)

−0.35 (−0.70 to −0.01)

0.046

Ref

−0.07 (−0.17 to 0.03)

−0.18 (−0.39 to 0.02)

0.083

Model 3

Ref

−0.09 (−0.25 to 0.07)

−0.34 (−0.69 to 0.01)

0.055

Ref

−0.07 (−0.18 to 0.03)

−0.18 (−0.39 to 0.03)

0.098

Thalamus (mm3) 

Model 1

Ref

−0.08 (−0.23 to 0.07)

−0.71 (−1.05 to −0.37)

<0.001

Ref

−0.10 (−0.20 to −0.002)

−0.47 (−0.66 to −0.27)

<0.001

Model 2

Ref

0.03 (−0.08 to 0.13)

−0.38 (−0.62 to −0.14)

0.002

Ref

−0.03 (−0.10 to 0.03)

−0.13 (−0.27 to 0.002)

0.054

Model 3

Ref

0.04 (−0.07 to 0.15)

−0.36 (−0.60 to −0.12)

0.003

Ref

−0.02 (−0.09 to 0.05)

−0.11 (−0.24 to 0.03)

0.135

Caudate nucleus (mm3)

Model 1

Ref

0.14 (−0.01 to 0.29)

−0.03 (−0.37 to 0.30)

0.839

Ref

0.12 (0.02 to 0.23)

0.24 (0.03 to 0.46)

0.024

Model 2

Ref

0.12 (−0.02 to 0.26)

0.04 (−0.27 to 0.34)

0.823

Ref

0.07 (−0.02 to 0.15)

0.18 (−0.002 to 0.36)

0.053

Model 3

Ref

0.14 (−0.01 to 0.28)

0.08 (−0.24 to 0.39)

0.632

Ref

0.05 (−0.04 to 0.14)

0.15 (−0.04 to 0.33)

0.128

Putamen (mm3)

Model 1

Ref

−0.07 (−0.23 to 0.09)

−0.49 (−0.84 to −0.13)

0.008

Ref

−0.05 (−0.15 to 0.04)

−0.29 (−0.48 to −0.09)

0.004

Model 2

Ref

0.03 (−0.11 to 0.16)

−0.22 (−0.51 to 0.08)

0.148

Ref

−0.002 (−0.08 to 0.08)

−0.04 (−0.20 to 0.13)

0.671

Model 3

Ref

0.04 (−0.09 to 0.18)

−0.22 (−0.51 to 0.08)

0.159

Ref

−0.01 (−0.10 to 0.07)

−0.04 (−0.22 to 0.13)

0.609

Globus pallidus (mm3) 

Model 1

Ref

−0.02 (−0.19 to 0.14)

−0.55 (−0.91 to −0.18)

0.003

Ref

−0.10 (−0.20 to 0.01)

−0.29 (−0.49 to −0.08)

0.006

Model 2

Ref

0.05 (−0.10 to 0.19)

−0.36 (−0.67 to −0.05)

0.023

Ref

−0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04)

−0.08 (−0.27 to 0.11)

0.397

Model 3

Ref

0.06 (−0.09 to 0.20)

−0.37 (−0.68 to −0.05)

0.024

Ref

−0.04 (−0.13 to 0.06)

−0.04 (−0.23 to 0.16)

0.707

Subthalamic nucleus (mm3)

Model 1

Ref

−0.04 (−0.20 to 0.12)

−0.57 (−0.92 to −0.21)

0.002

Ref

−0.09 (−0.19 to 0.02)

−0.44 (−0.64 to −0.23)

<0.001

Model 2

Ref

0.08 (−0.06 to 0.22)

−0.28 (−0.59 to 0.04)

0.083

Ref

−0.003 (−0.09 to 0.09)

−0.12 (−0.31 to 0.06)

0.184

Model 3

Ref

0.10 (−0.05 to 0.24)

−0.23 (−0.55 to 0.08)

0.148

Ref

0.01 (−0.08 to 0.10)

−0.10 (−0.29 to 0.09)

0.313

Hippocampus (mm3)

Model 1

Ref

−0.27 (−0.43 to −0.10)

−0.92 (−1.29 to −0.56)

<0.001

Ref

−0.23 (−0.33 to −0.13)

−0.73 (−0.93 to −0.52)

<0.001

Model 2

Ref

−0.10 (−0.23 to 0.04)

−0.51 (−0.81 to −0.21)

0.001

Ref

−0.10 (−0.19 to −0.02)

−0.28 (−0.45 to −0.11)

0.002

Model 3

Ref

−0.09 (−0.22 to 0.05)

−0.47 (−0.78 to −0.17)

0.002

Ref

−0.07 (−0.16 to 0.01)

−0.23 (−0.40 to −0.05)

0.012

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