Fig. 5

Gas exchange traits in rice varieties (Purnendu, Swarnaprabha, IR64, IR8) under normal light (NL) and simulated low light (LL) during the reproductive stage (Kharif 2022 and 2023). (a) Stomatal conductance (gs), (b) photosynthetic rate (PN) of flag (FL), second (2L), third (3L), and fourth (4L) leaves at 50% flowering. Data are means of six replicates averaged over both seasons. Asterisks denote significance (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, by t-test).