Fig. 9

Correlation plots of physiological and genetic traits under low light (LL) in rice during the reproductive stage. (a) Pearson’s correlation coefficients between leaf inclination angle (LIA), leaf area plasticity (LAP), photosynthesis (Pn), grain yield (GY), and radiation use efficiency (RUE) across leaf positions (FL, 2L, 3L, 4L). Values > 0.95, > 0.99, and > 0.999 denote significance at P < 0.05, < 0.01, and < 0.001, respectively. (b) Correlation (P-value) between photosynthetic rate and expression of associated genes (Table S7) in flag leaves. Significance levels: P ≤ 0.05 (95%), ≤ 0.01 (99%), and ≤ 0.001 (99.9%).