Fig. 3

Identification of macrophage-intrinsic mitophagy genes in lung adenocarcinoma. (A) Volcano plot of DEGs from the TCGA dataset. The volcano plot displays differentially expressed genes identified from the TCGA dataset, highlighting significantly upregulated and downregulated genes. (B) Venn diagram of macrophage-related genes, mitophagy-related genes, and TCGA DEGs. The Venn diagram illustrates the intersection of macrophage-associated genes, mitophagy-related genes, and DEGs from the TCGA dataset, identifying 56 overlapping genes. (C) PPI network analysis of the 56 overlapping genes via the STRING database. The PPI network reveals the functional interactions among the 56 overlapping genes, providing insight into their potential regulatory roles. (D) Heatmap of the 56 overlapping genes. The heatmap shows the expression patterns of the overlapping genes associated with macrophages and mitophagy, indicating their differential expression and potential involvement in tumor progression. (E) GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the 56 overlapping genes. The enrichment analysis demonstrates that these DEGs are significantly involved in multiple biological pathways, particularly those related to inflammation, immune regulation, phagocytosis, and oxidative stress.