Table 6 Statistical analysis of caspase-8 and caspase-9 Activity.

Group	Mean_value	SD_value	SEM_value	N_value
A
Control	1.12	0.0957	0.0428	5
25 µM	2.10	0.0643	0.0288	5

Group1	Group2	P	P.signif	P.adj	Method	Cohens_d
B
Control	25 µM	2.68e−07	****	2.68e−07	t-test	12.10

Group	Mean_value	SD_value	SEM_value	n_value
C
Control	1.12	0.0658	0.0294	5
25 µM	2.87	0.1000	0.0447	5

Group1	Group2	P-value	P.signif	P.adj	Method	Cohens_d
D
Control	25 µM	7.68e−09	***	7.68e−09	t-test	20.70

Caspase-8 and -9 enzymatic activities in control and P3-treated cells (25 µM), along with corresponding statistical analyses. (a) Caspase-8 activity was measured in control and P3-treated cells. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) from five independent replicates (n = 5). Increased activity in the treated group indicates enhanced activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Statistical comparison results are presented in Table. (b) Statistical comparison of Caspase-8 activity between control and 25 µM P3-treated cells using a two-tailed Student’s t-test. Significance is indicated as **** (p < 0.0001). Effect size (Cohen’s d = 12.10) is consistent with a strong induction of Caspase-8 activity following treatment. (c) Caspase-9 activity assessment in control and P3-treated (25 µM) cells. Values represent mean ± SEM from five independent replicates (n = 5). Elevated activity in the treated group reflects activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Statistical testing results are detailed in the Table. (d)Statistical comparison of Caspase-9 activity between control and 25 µM P3-treated cells using a two-tailed Student’s t-test. The exact p-value is 7.68 × 10⁻⁹ (*** significant at p < 0.001). Cohen’s d = 20.70 indicates a substantial effect, confirming the strong enhancement of Caspase-9 activity upon treatment.

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