Table 2 Detailed breakdown of the 39 categories in OpenUrine dataset. The total count represents image-label pairs, as individual images may contain multiple particle types. The actual number of unique images is 790.

Muddy brown cast

Casts

350

24

Brown casts indicating acute tubular necrosis; typically associated with kidney injury

Granular cast

Casts

172

63

Cylindrical structures formed from protein and cellular debris, indicating kidney damage

Hyaline cast

Casts

160

42

Clear, colorless casts formed from protein; may indicate dehydration or kidney disease

Waxy cast

Casts

56

42

Broad casts indicating chronic renal failure; they appear broad and are formed from degenerated cells

Mixed cell cast

Casts

44

41

Casts containing various types of cells; their presence can indicate kidney pathology

RBC cast

Casts

20

19

Casts formed from red blood cells; presence indicates glomerular damage or bleeding within the kidneys

RBC

Cells

5752

213

Red blood cells; their presence in urine (hematuria) can indicate bleeding within the urinary tract

WBC

Cells

2654

210

White blood cells; an increased number (pyuria) suggests infection or inflammation, such as a urinary tract infection

Epithelial cell (squamous)

Cells

889

175

Flat cells from the urethra or vaginal lining; usually considered normal unless present in excess

Epithelial cell (transitional)

Cells

233

70

Cells lining the bladder and ureters; increased numbers may suggest infection, inflammation, or, rarely, malignancy

Suspected atypical cell

Cells

187

44

Unusual cells that may require further investigation to rule out malignancy.

Epithelial cell (renal)

Cells

126

46

Cells originating from the renal tubules; their presence may indicate tubular injury or necrosis

WBC clump

Cells

103

16

Aggregates of white blood cells; may indicate significant infection or inflammation within the urinary tract

Lipid cast

Cells

24

22

Casts containing fat droplets, indicating nephrotic syndrome when present in excess

RBC clump

Cells

24

5

Aggregates of red blood cells; may indicate significant bleeding or injury within the urinary tract

Calcium oxalate

Crystals

2872

115

Colorless, envelope-shaped (dihydrate) or dumbbell-shaped (monohydrate) crystals; commonly seen in individuals who consume oxalate-rich foods or have kidney stones

Amorphous

Crystals

951

35

Aggregates of fine granules; amorphous urates appear in acidic urine, while amorphous phosphates appear in alkaline urine; generally of little clinical significance

Triple phosphate

Crystals

778

31

Coffin-lid shaped crystals; typically found in alkaline urine and associated with urinary tract infections

Uric acid

Crystals

699

42

Yellow to reddish-brown, diamond or barrel-shaped crystals; common in acidic urine and can be associated with gout or chemotherapy

Ammonium biurat

Crystals

394

27

Yellow-brown, thorn-apple shaped crystals; often found in old or poorly preserved urine samples

Hippuric acid

Crystals

210

8

Colorless or pale yellow needles or prisms; rare and typically of little clinical significance

Calcium phosphate

Crystals

200

27

Colorless, needle-like or rosette formations; typically found in alkaline urine; generally not clinically significant

Cystine

Crystals

137

11

Colorless, hexagonal plates; indicative of cystinuria, a rare genetic disorder

Leucine

Crystals

91

11

Spherical crystals with concentric rings and radial striations; associated with severe liver disease

Tyrosine crystal

Crystals

81

20

Fine, needle-like crystals; may indicate severe liver disease

Calcium carbonate

Crystals

76

4

Small, colorless granules or dumbbell-shaped crystals; typically found in alkaline urine; usually not clinically significant

Cholesterol

Crystals

58

13

Large, flat, transparent plates with notched corners; may be seen in nephrotic syndrome.

Bilirubin

Crystals

43

11

Yellow to reddish brown, needle-like or granular crystals, associated with liver disorders

Bacteria

Microorganisms

12406

248

Their presence, especially in large numbers, suggests a urinary tract infection

Yeast

Microorganisms

446

32

Often appear as budding cells; can indicate a yeast infection, particularly in diabetic patients

Enterobius vermicularis egg

Microorganisms

81

13

Oval-shaped eggs with a characteristic flattened side; indicates pinworm infection, often due to fecal contamination

Fungal hyphae

Microorganisms

72

10

Branching filamentous structures; indicate a fungal infection, more common in immunocompromised individuals

Schistosoma haematobium eggs

Microorganisms

31

17

Oval eggs with a terminal spine; indicate schistosomiasis, a parasitic infection affecting the urinary tract

Trichomonas vaginalis

Microorganisms

26

17

A motile parasite; its presence indicates trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection

Sperm

Others

382

21

May be present in urine after ejaculation; typically not clinically significant

Mucus

Others

198

59

Thread-like structures; generally not clinically significant but can be confused with casts

Fat droplets

Others

53

15

Free-floating droplets; indicate lipiduria, often associated with nephrotic syndrome

Oval fat bodies

Others

38

20

Renal tubular cells filled with fat droplets; suggestive of nephrotic syndrome

Artifact

Artifact

168

94

Any foreign substance or error that does not represent actual urine components

Total

31285

790